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| God the Geometer, Codex Vindobonensis 2554 |
Details, in case you missed them, are:
- The test takes place in the lecture slot on Monday 21 May.
- It is expected to take about an hour, but you can take up to two if required.
- It will follow an essay format.
- It will take the form of a statement you must discuss with reference to primary sources.
- Select primary sources will be provided.
- A mock test is available on Blackboard
- The marking criteria are listed in the Unit Guide
- There is no exam in the exam period.
- There is no tutorial in week 12 after the test.
- Please submit outstanding essay hard copies to the SOPHIS essay box (Menzies W604).
Carol
Hey everyone - this is probably too late to be of any use, but I thought I'd post up the summary of my notes just in case it helps anyone.
ReplyDeleteEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE – Late 700s – 1100s
• Shaped by conditions after fall of Roman Empire
• Sudden lack of central administration = dangerous/insecure lands and roads, little trade, economy of limited outlets = feudalism.
• Example: Monastery - Groups of monks seeking spiritual and meaning protection from the world in isolated areas and in heavily fortified monasteries, dependent initially upon rich lords or kings and eventually becoming powerful protectors in and of themselves.
RISE OF TOWNS
• Mid-1000s/11th century–1300s: (Communes & Universities)
• 1179 – (Church & Heretics) Waldensians went to Rome where the Pope forbade their preaching without authorization from local clergy. Disobeyed. 1184 formally declared heretics. Went around preaching that the Church should accept poverty and equality between genders, etc. Cathars in the south of France completely reject the authority of the Church.
• 1204 – Dominic starts his movement against heretics, Francis has his pilgrimage experience and in 1209 begins Franciscans. Really tried to mimic Christ, becoming critique of town life by the very presence of Franciscans in the cities, filling up public spaces with anti-consumption. (Great lay movement against trouble in urban environments – Jacques Le Goff)
• As towns began flourishing: Changes in Gender Roles. Women more in charge of private life, restricted roles, etc. However, with in the right circumstances (noble, money, education) they could succeed as religious writers (eg. Heloise, Hildegard and Elizabeth) – this didn’t change any gender standards however (women defined by body, gender, and relations with family groups: wife, widow or maid. Women also lost more power as she was disposed of land in the feudal Middle Ages, losing dowry and others and having husband control property and primogeniture – Christiane Klapisch-Zuber).
Church and Heretics – needs in 1200s were direct access to Scripture without obstacle of Latin and mediation of the clergy, right to the ministry of the Word, and right to practice evangelical life in the family, working life and lay status, and in some places - equality between the sexes – Jacques Le Goff
CONFLICT BETWEEN CHURCH & KINGS
ReplyDeleteBoth beginning to get richer, collecting more tithes. By 1100s, the Kings have become far more stable and no longer rely on the Church for legitimacy like the Carolingian empire did.
Henry IV v. Pope Gregory VII: Investiture Conflict 1075-1076
King Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire struggles with the Pope over assertion of Dictatus Papae: deposal of an emperor and appointment of bishops is under the sole power of the Pope and the Church is founded by and answers to God alone. Henry keeps appointing bishops and refuses to recognize Pope Gregory VII as a Pope. He was pronounced ‘anathema’ against Henry, revoking his title as Holy Roman Emperor and prompting German princes to rebel until Henry personally travels to do Penance across the Alps to Canossa.
King Henry II v Thomas Beckett: 1164-1170
King Henry II – wanted to pass the Constitutions of Clarendon ensuring, amongst other things, that the rule of the law would apply to the clergy and disobeying clergy would be subject to the King’s courts, not the ecclesiastical ones. Threat of interdict and excommunication enough to bring him to negotiation.
King John v Pope Innocent III – 1209
John refuses to allow Pope Innocent III’s nominee Stephen Langton into England and exiles the monks of Canterbury. Pope places England under Interdict in 1208. Interdict means no sacraments whatsoever – no baptism, no burial in consecrated ground, no last rights etc. John finally forced to capitulate and symbolically offers the entirety of England to Pope as fiefdom, as well as signing the Magna Carta deeming, amongst other things, the absolute rule of law.
Flipside Example - King Louis IX: 1226
Member of Capetian dynasty, where Kingship conceived as divine office of God and role was to help protect (and in turn be protected by) Church. Considered the ‘Perfect Christian’ who went on Crusade twice.
First Crusade was 7th Crusade after miraculous recovery from sickness. Arrived at Damietta in 1248, captured it to sail upstream to Cairo. God is on their side! However, they get bogged down and massacred en route to Cairo, however, and taken prisoner. Enormous ransom is demanded and he remains captive for a few months.
This changes his personal outlook – he sails to Acre and spends a few years fortifying walls, ordering manuscripts, establishing relationships with people, is depressed and penitent after disastrous crusade. Gets back to France and tries to reform the French Kingdom, famous for his attempts to be accessible and enforce proper justice. Generous to the poor and devout, perhaps atoning for crusading failure. At the end of his life, decides to crusade again to North Africa: at Tunis, becomes ill, and dies.
CRUSADES
ReplyDelete- Christian ideals, Christian ‘love’, pilgrimage, Jesus as feudal lord, views on violence and peace and Augustine’s thought being influential as ‘loving them by punishing them for not being Christian/preventing them from doing more evil’ (Jonathan Riley-Smith)
- Power to travel such far distances, etc.
- Courtly love and Knights, role of men and women
- Characterising Byzantium and Eastern Christianity as ‘wrong’, evil and heretical for its tolerance of other religions (Sir Steven Runciman)
Good luck everyone, and thanks for being a fun tute group. :)